Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Disorganized Thinking. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Thirst. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Has something like this ever happened to you? As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Fever. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Treatment. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. A) managed care It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. . Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Delusions. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). 1. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). . It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis.