The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. 23 Ibid. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. It's not white supremacist to study history. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. False and dangerous equivalency. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. We won't share your contact details with anyone. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. 21128. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda.