In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Under Ugandan Pres. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. 20- Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Apoko, Anna (1967). Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the Political Organization. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Identification. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Okot p'Bitek (1963). In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. the northern regions, this relationship changed. London: James Currey. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Social Organization. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. (UNHCR, 2012). The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial With the coming of the ivory 53- Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) thesis, University of Nairobi. Medicine. second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Congo. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to 23 Feb. 2023 . Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Ceremonies. Rwot, 'ruler'). Identification and Location. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Orientation Jur Alur Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. (1976). Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'.