This led to protests known as Women's War. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. To reduce costs, Lagos was administered first from Freetown in Sierra Leone, along with Gold Coast forts such as Elmina, and later from Accra (in present-day Ghana); only in 1886 did Lagos become a separate colony. The racial discriminatory tendencies of the Europeans to Nigerians. From there, the strategy to conquer the additional portions of what would be Nigeria was planned and executed until nearly all of what is today Nigeria was under British control in 1905. 2. However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. Colonialism is both a practice and a word that means so much to Nigeria. The Reconquista, or reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence and expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the failed Crusades. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. E-mail: tundeoduwobi@yahoo.com Recibido: 15 Marzo 2011 / Revisado: 7 Abril 2011 / Aceptado: 17 Abril . This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo, particularly in religious matters. The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. The British colonization of Kenya destroyed the culture and economy of the native people, but it established a democratic government and left Kenya a more modernized country. mitchelville beach house. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. In contrast, the British pursued comparatively limited settlement and institutional transformation in the more populous and more politically and economically developed preco-lonial areas. How did use of enslaved African people for labour develop? 24. These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. The factors that led to the colonization of africa by the europeans. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. It was also partly to protect the Egba that the British shelled Lagos in 1851, expelled Kosoko, the reigning oba, and restored his uncle, Akitoye, who appeared more willing to join in a campaign to abolish the slave trade. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. African nationalism attempted to transform the identity of Africans. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. The council was headed by a Governor. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were better established and more populous than those of the Americas, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. In 1905, the colonial government divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. Resistance was strong in western Igboland, where a series of wars were waged against the British. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. At first, they lived in small family groups, but gradually these groups developed into a. In this way Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowtherborn in the Yoruba-inhabited area of Oshogbo and the first African ordained by the CMSwas able to establish mission stations at Onitsha, Lokoja, and Eggan and later at Brass and Bonny. France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain Saint-Domingue from the Haitian Revolution. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. They invited missionaries to follow them and, in the 1840s, made themselves available as agents who allowed missionaries and British traders to gain access to such places as Lagos, Abeokuta, Calabar, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass, and Bonny. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. 4 Pages. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. We also understand that the said National African Company (limited) have full power to mine, farm, and build in any portion of our territory. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. brighton grey motion loveseat; waterford, ct obituaries; jane wymark children. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic loyalties. The huge African continent (three times the size of the continental United States) was particularly vulnerable to European conquest. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. Although lacking Azikiwe's compelling personality, Awolowo was a formidable debater as well as a vigorous and tenacious political campaigner. Spain was driven by three main motivations. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. Dike, K. O. Hence, precolonial level of development is positively asso-ciated with level of Spanish colonialism, but negatively associated with level of British colonialism. Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. THE FULANI CONQUEST AND RULE OF THE HAUSA KINGDOM 235 from 1804, the date of the Hegira. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. The Conquest (La Conqute) is a term used to describe the acquisition of Canada by Great Britain during the Seven Years' War.It also refers to the resulting conditio The Emirs and chiefs who are appointed will rule over the people as of old-time and take such taxes as are approved by the High Commissioner, but they will obey the laws of the Governor and will act in accordance with the advice of the Resident. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. African nationalism is a political movement for the unification of Africa (Pan-Africanism) and for national self-determination. In quick order, a large British military forcedeemed the Punitive Expeditionwas assembled, and on February 18, they arrived in Benin City under orders to invade and conquer it. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. However, the British East India Company was able to lay the foundation of an empire in the Indian sub-continent because, from a British perspective, of a fortuitous series of circumstances. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Hon. Frederick Lugard, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by formerly enslaved African Americans) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control . As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. [19], West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 3040% of the demand for British cotton during the Industrial Revolution of 17501790.[27]. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by Shell and British Petroleum. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. For political the British were fixed on expanding their empire and gaining control of every major city, state, or country in the world so they could govern every man or woman as they Show More The delegation was led by Balewa of the NPC and included party leaders Awolowo of the Action Group, Azikiwe of the NCNC, and Bello of the NPC; they were also the premiers of the Western, Eastern and Northern regions, respectively. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. Additionally. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. [36], The company, as was common among European businesses in Africa, paid its native workers in barter. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. [13], The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. 1819 - Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. 979 Words. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. The history of Nigeria can be traced to the earliest inhabitants whose remains date from at least 13,000 BC through early civilizations such as the Nok culture which began around 1500 BC.Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri, the Benin Empire, and the Oyo Empire. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1213. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. Many Muslims resorted to migration as a form of resistance, a tactic known as the hejira, in which those perceived as infidels are avoided. In the Eastern Region, appointed officials who were given "warrants" and hence called warrant chiefs, were strongly resisted by the people because they lacked traditional claims. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). It was colonized by the British in 1884 and the colony is established at the Berlin conference which divides Africa by European powers. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth 1 billion a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. British colonialism created Nigeria, joining diverse peoples and regions in an artificial political entity along the Niger River. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. Lugard informed the leaders of conquered Sokoto: The Fulani in old times [] conquered this country. These included the decline of the Mughal Empire. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. The company interfered in the territory along the Niger and the Benue, sometimes becoming embroiled in serious conflicts when its British-led native constabulary intercepted slave raids or attempted to protect trade routes. The British colonial agricultural and industrial policies in Nigeria have implications for the country's economic advancement. In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. It was British colonialism which was the ultimate cause of the war . Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. The conquest was personal to William. On a subsequent expedition to the Sokoto Caliphate, Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton learned about the mouth of the Niger River, and where it reached the sea, but after suffering malaria, depression and dysentery, he died before confirming it. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. This article examines the deployment of West African soldiers for military service in West Africa, including the manner of mobilization and recruitment.