FRT in health care also raises ethical questions about privacy and data protection, potential bias in the data or analysis, and potential negative implications for the therapeutic alliance in patient-clinician relationships. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. Click here to review the details. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. As consequentialism only looks at the consequences it allows for negative responsibility; that is, being held morally accountable not for some action, but for failing to act to prevent bad things happening. The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. 01 December 2016. Consequentialism is sometimes criticized because it can be difficult, or even impossible, to know what the result of an action will be ahead of time. Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. It is not unreasonable to say that in this example you should pause your duck feeding and jump in to save the child. You must recall and relate knowledge of how the professionals in the case studies promote equality and diversity and the skills and attributes needed to do this.. 25 (4). (Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). For consequentialism this is not a problem, as the individual is just a mechanism for maximising overall happiness; they are instrumental. Moore 1912, chs. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Brostoff G. 3D facial recognition gives healthcare data a new look. September 6, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning. When making ethical decisions within healthcare, the patients must have a clear channel of communication between the health care provider and the patient, as without this the patients wished cannot be taken into consideration. Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Careers. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . Key considerations included nursing's moral ontology, the nurse-patient relationship, potential impact on the profession, ethical principles and theories, moral culpability for acts versus omissions, the role of intention and the nature of the society in which euthanasia would be enacted. Among the most prominent approaches to ethics within philosophy is a highly influential position known as consequentialism. The ethics of clinical innovation in psychopharmacology: challenging traditional bioethics. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Finally, Mill also claims that happiness is the only thing that is desirable in itself as an end. 1-2.) Managing ongoing swallow safety through information-sharing: An ethnography of speech and language therapists and nurses at work on stroke units. Accessed March 12, 2018. As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. No one desires the strife of war in life, but it is sometimes necessary and morally justified to engage in war. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. Clearly it is an abhorrent thought that an individual would be sacrificed simply to promote overall welfare in complete disregard for their life. moral judgments are supposed to be a matter of simple consequentialism: you add up how much suffering you think is caused by an action and balance it against the amount of good. The Ethical Theory. Patient privacy. Bina RW, Langevin JP. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. If you dont, you should be held partly responsible for the childs death. The standardized definition of Utilitarianism is that actions are defined as being "right" or "correct" based on the ability it has to promote happiness. Published November 9, 2017. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. Cachn-Prez JM, Gonzalez-Villanueva P, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Oliva-Fernandez O, Garcia-Garcia E, Fernandez-Gonzalo JC. This chapter discusses consequentialism. For a theory often touted as promoting happiness, this is a problem. Should Electronic Health Record-Derived Social and Behavioral Data Be Used in Precision Medicine Research? And this is the central problem; that Jims values are seen as unimportant when it comes to deciding how he should act in the given situation. 2022 Jun;22:100717. doi: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100717. Applications of facial recognition technology (FRT) in health care settings have been developed to identify and monitor patients as well as to diagnose genetic, medical, and behavioral conditions. In: Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. For a summary of consequentialist ethics check out the videos below: Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app. According to this theory, it would be unethical for you to speed on an empty street at two oclock in the morning. https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. You can read four articles free per month. So, to decide whether or not to take some step, we must calculate whether it will produce the best overall outcome for the highest number of people. A requirement to uphold the confidentiality of information shared in the physician-patient relationship is a central tenet of medical professionalism that, while at risk and undermined in various ways in modern medicine [1], has been consistently endorsed from the time of Hippocrates. Deontological Ethics. The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty ( deon) and science (or study) of ( logos ). [4] Consequentialism The other concern people express is the tendency of consequentialism to use ends justify the means logic. 7. Ethical decision making in nurses. Face recognition methods and applications. Gates KA. But in Jims case his pain at killing one person is a relatively minor consideration when the very lives of nineteen others (and the happiness of their families and friends) is at stake. Benthams theory of utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy. Broader influence of FRT. 2014 Nov;40(11):1529-42. doi: 10.1177/0146167214551154. Whenever we are faced with a decision, an act consequentialist will expect us to ask that question. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. By looking at the two ethical strands side-by-side we can quickly see that Deontology is distinctly focused on the individual, whereas Utilitarianism places importance on . The SlideShare family just got bigger. In response to criticism of the unappealing idea that by doing nothing Jim is as responsible for the deaths of the twenty Indians as the captain, the consequentialist can choose to bite the bullet by accepting the idea of negative responsibility; that is, to accept that we can be held morally responsible for not acting. In this example: A hospital has limited capacity to deal with Covid-19 patients and is having to decide between admitting a 20 year old patient, who is fit and well, and a 75 year old patient, who has a history of heart disease, to their last available ventilator. A Consequentialist Manifesto for the Evolution of Medical Law. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). _____ ethics looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions. One famous way of putting this is 'the greatest good for the greatest number of people'.. Published March 3, 2014. One potential issue is that of liability. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. To this objection, the consequentialist can protest that alienation can be a virtue. Understanding different ethical theories can have a number of significant benefits, which have the potential to shape and inform the care of patients, challenge bad practice and lead staff to. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. Bookshelf Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. Front Psychol. Forbes. What should he do?Bernard Williams in the book Utilitarianism: For and Against, by J.J.C. No other adults or swimmers are anywhere to be seen, so without your help the child will drown. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. So whilst both acts are morally abhorrent, the consequentialist will inevitably say that if these are the only options available then not only should we choose to massacre seven million, but that it would be right to do so. Deontology: Deontology : Advantages: This moral theory is very useful in making impartial decisions. Loos HS, Wieczorek D, Wrtz, RP, von der Malsburg C, Horsthemke B. Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Gnther M, et al. Of course, if Jim refuses, then there is no special occasion, and Pedro here will do what he was about to do when Jim arrived, and kill them all The men against the wall and the other villagers understand the situation, and are obviously begging him to accept. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. US Department of Health and Human Services. The theory is also impartial. Accessed October 26, 2018. As Peter Railton says: The alienation of some individuals or groups from their milieu may at times be necessary for fundamental social criticism or cultural innovation (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1984). JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub L No. 2017;242:797-804. Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies. We've encountered a problem, please try again. It means any ethical theory which judges the rightness or wrongness of an action on whether or not the outcome is good or bad. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. If happiness was the experience of pleasure without pain, the most ethical actions were ones that caused the most possible happiness and the least possible pain. Int J Lang Commun Disord. Closed loop deep brain stimulation for PTSD, addiction, and disorders of affective facial interpretation: review and discussion of potential biomarkers and stimulation paradigms. We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism. So what exactly is wrong with it? Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. The most famous version of non-consequentialism is deontology, which holds that one has an absolute duty to obey certain rules. The desire to save people's lives sometimes does not allow doctors to understand that some patients want the opposite. April 11, 2017. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). Philos Public Aff. An official website of the United States government. Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Philosophy Now 2023. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. Sandolu A. FOIA Four major themes emerged: 'best for the patient', 'accountability', 'collaboration and conflict' and 'concern for others'. December 13, 2021Ana Langer is professor of the practice of public health and coordinator of the Women and Health Initiative at Harvard T.H. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Accessed July 25, 2018. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. such as consequentialism, virtue ethics . Accessed August 1, 2018. Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, et al. Accessibility AWB. Accessed January 13, 2018. The same could be said for Jim who by doing nothing is responsible for the lives of the twenty Indians. Machine learning and the profession of medicine. Join us! The effects of a person's actions judge if it was right or wrong. To identify the values, beliefs and contextual influences that inform decision-making. The nature and extent of these effects, and whether they will be harmful or beneficial, will vary regionally and over time. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. There is important reason for the root word. Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/. Abortion can be categorized as both a legal, and ethical issue. See Page 1. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! An official website of the United States government. 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. Accessed July 24, 2018. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. . and transmitted securely. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. Epub 2022 Apr 9. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging.13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example.14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such as monitoring elderly patients for safety or attempts to leave a health care facility16 or monitoring medication adherence through the use of sensors and facial recognition to confirm when patients take their medications.17. Samples. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. If the outcome is good, how one achieved the outcome is not that important. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. Bahrampour T. Can your face reveal how long youll live? The peace that seems within reach, the reduction of gun related crimes and homicides, the dream of borderless territories and the future of a society that bears the fertile ground of excellence and achievement, can now be balanced on the spectrum of consequentialism. Nurses' experiences of providing ethical care to the patients with COVID-19: A phenomenological study. 2016;2016(5):2-3. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams famous Jim and the Indians thought experiment, quoted above.